This course explores philosophical debates within different religious traditions. We address questions about the nature of ultimate reality, the true nature of the self, and what happens after we die. We see how philosophers use argument to address reasonable disagreement about religious questions – both within religious traditions, and between those traditions. The course is in four parts. Part One (weeks 1 to 3) explores the nature, existence, and possibility of God within Abrahamic Monotheist religions (Judaism, Christianity, Islam). We focus on modern interpretations of the influential modal ontological argument, introduced by the medieval Christian philosopher Anselm in his Proslogion. Part Two (weeks 4 to 6) explores the true nature of the self, and its relationship to ultimate reality, within Karma-based religions (Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism). We focus on contrasts between the Buddhist claim that there is no enduring self (anatman) and the Advaita Vedanta claim that the true self (atman) is eternal and is identical to ultimate reality (Brahman). Part Three (week 7 to 9) explores philosophical questions about the afterlife within three particular religious contexts. These are: John Locke’s development of a memory-based account of personal identity to explain how God can justly punish people after they have been resurrected; debates within Mahayana Buddhism about the coherence of the Bodhisattva’s vow to be reborn to save other sentient beings from suffering; and the importance of ghosts and ancestors in Chinese folk religion. Part Four (week 10 to 12) explores philosophical debates about the afterlife than span different religious contexts. We compare metaphysical and moral arguments for particular views about life after death; and we ask how people can live together in a society where there is disagreement about the present interests, rights, and ontological situation of the dead.